Discuss How Theories of Human Growth and Development Can Help Understand Human Behaviour free essay sample

Discuss how theories of human growth and development can help understand human behaviour. Human growth and development is studied and researched with differing perspectives. There are many ways human growth and development can be looked at. Certain disciplines, such as, biology, psychology and sociology all have opposing viewpoints on the subject. The psychological viewpoint concentrates on the different processes of the mind, whereas, the biological approach is centred on genetics and environmental factors. The sociological viewpoint, however, focuses on individual thoughts and feelings as being socially constructed (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). Human growth and development is researched across the whole lifespan, however, for this essay I will be focusing on the early years of child development. Furthermore, human growth and development studies consist of various different theories; I will be discussing several of these theories whilst paying particular attention to Bowlby’s attachment theory. Human growth and development is important for social work practice as children and adolescence may show behaviour difficulties and when coming to assess, it is key to have an understanding of the norm development of a child of a certain age, also, what behaviours may be observed as being abnormal. It can also be seen as important for communication purposes. For example, being able to understand a child’s stage of development will make you more attuned to the understanding of how they are communicating and what the best way will be in making a response. Firstly, I am to introduce Bowlby’s attachment theory (Bowlby 1969). Bowlby’s attachment theory was based on the idea that subject- object relations are shaped by our initial relationship with our primary care giver, this usually to be the mother (Beckett and Hillary 2010). According to Bowlby, children are biologically pre- programmed to form attachments in order to help them survive. Children have an innate ability to attach to their main care giver (Sean Mcleod 2007). This is gained through attachment behaviours and gestures to maintain proximity to carers. For example the child may cry or at a later stage smile and make eye contact and express body gestures to gain attention from the primary care giver. It was believed by Bowlby that the care giver will instinctively respond to the child; creating reciprocal interaction. Bowlby believed that attachment behaviours are instinctive and the child will express these behaviours when the child feels threatened by the achievement of proximity, such as separation, insecurity and fear (McLeod 2007). According to Ainsworth (1967, p. 29) attachment is more than evident behaviour but it is internal, ‘being built into the nervous system, in the course and as a result of the infant’s experience of his transactions with the mother’ Following Bowlby’s suggestion, the limbic system; A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain that controls the basic emotions and drives (Wikipedia) has been suggested to be the site of developmental changes associated with the rise of a ttachment behaviours (Anders amp; Zeanah, 1984, cited in, attachment and human development). The lifespan period from 7 to 15 months has been shown to be critical for the myelination; for the proper functioning of the nervous system (Schore, 2010). Additionally, Attachment theory is able to be used within the practice of social work. The knowledge of attachment behaviour can signify when an individual is experiencing stress. Furthermore, the understanding of Bowlby’s attachment theory and other human growth and development theories can help with the framework for assessments. To understand service users and to make sense of ourselves and respond appropriately and effectively, we need to have the basis of the understanding of why people behave as they do under stress and difficulty (Howe, 1995). For example a 12 year old boy may be extremely angry and behaving recklessly. Is there a connection between the behaviour and the quality of early relationships? (Howe, 1995) On the other hand, research has shown that resilient theory can be used in order to overcome the effects of poor quality relationships in childhood (Howe, 1995). For example, according to Hart, Blincow and Thomas, resilient therapy may help a child in gaining good relationships with family and friends by tapping into good influences and finding place for that child to belong. Resilient therapy recognises the importance of attachment theory and aims for the affected child to feel a sense of family cohesion. According to Hart, Blincow and Thomas,in providing a resilient mechanism, two things are achieved. Firstly, a sense of belonging, as this is protective and gives children a secure base to attend; psychologically, when feeling under threat. Secondly, with children experiencing a self of belonging somewhere, they are better equipped in facing rejection elsewhere. Further to the attachment theory, Bowlby derived the term maternal deprivation, (Bowlby, 1959). Bowlby identified the first two years of a child’s life as the most critical time for bonding. Bowlby hypothesised that if there was a lack of parent and caregiver bonding by the age of 2 then maternal deprivations may result in the child suffering psychological damages that may be irreversible. According to Bowlby, children who suffered maternal deprivation at a young age may often become incapable of expressing empathetic emotions and affection later into their adult life. In addition to Bowlbys ideas; a collaborating psychologist; Mary Ainsworth (1978) expanded upon the attachment theory with her own study known as the ‘strange situation’. This was an experiment carried out by Ainsworth whereby, children between the ages of 12 and 18 months were joined with their mother is a playful environment and then left alone when their mother would leave the room and then be reunited back with their mother. The research was seen as reliable and took into account various variables; such as, the home environment, relationships, the level of bonding between child and caregiver and the way in which the care giver responded when re-entering the room and also how the caregiver responded with absence and the effect this had on the child and how emotions were displayed. Ainsworth believed that Bowlby’s ideas were too set in stone and believed that there may be individual differences in attachment. Ainsworth set upon her research into individual attachments. Ainsworth study identified three main areas of attachment; secure attachment, anxious- avoidant insecure attachment and anxious- ambivalent- insecure attachment. Main and Soloman (1986) later founded the insecure disorganised attachment theory, (Howe, 1999). The secure attachment theory is a child who is seen to be securely attached to the caregiver; will play freely whilst their caregiver is present and will involve in play with strangers when the caregiver is in the room (Brodie 2012). The child will also show profound emotion when the caregiver leaves, but is content when the caregiver returns. Anxious- ambivalent insecure attachment is when the child shows anxiousness towards exploration and strangers, even when the care giver is present. When the caregiver departs the child is seen to be extremely distressed. The child regains normality when the caregiver returns, however, will be resentful and resistant when the caregiver pledges attention (Brodie, 2012). Lastly, anxious- avoidant insecure attachments when a child lacks initial response or emotion towards the caregiver when the caregiver returns or departs. The range of emotion showed is not varied between strangers or caregivers and the child would act relevantly similar regardless of who was in the room or if the room was to be empty (Brodie, 2012). Furthermore, with reference to Ainsworth’s attachment theories, social workers are able to gain an understanding of how early attachment theories can affect the behaviour and later relationships of older children and adults. Each attachment pattern is related to a particular personality structure and level of social ability; in the way in which people are able to relate to others, effectively and appropriately (Howe, 1995). Furthermore, Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theory has been known to have been criticised. It can be criticised from a multicultural viewpoint. It can be argued that originally founded attachment theory is seen as ‘Eurocentric’. There is an over emphasis on the mother- child bond; undervaluing the other significance relationships such as the father, grandchildren and siblings (Beckett and Taylor 2010). It is also argued that over significant care from the mother by be seen as damaging for the mother- child relationship. The mother may suffer stress; resulting in the mother becoming resentful of the child (Beckett and Taylor 2010). Piaget was a cognitive development psychologist and identified four basic stages to a child’s developmental thinking. However, in relation to Bowlby’s attachment theory, Piaget had differing opinions. Piaget believed that children had a secondary nature for food. Thus it was believed by Piaget that even at the age of two a child is still dominated by his physiological needs that he switches his affections to whoever may be able to meet them; disagreeing with Bowbly’s view of a primary care giver (Bowlby, 1980). In addition, the psychodynamic theory; founded by Freud (1856-1939) also differentiates from Bowlbys view. Freud believed behaviour is based on motivational drive (Gullestad 2001), this drive being satisfaction and pleasure. Freud’s theory was set out in three stages, these being the, id, the ego and the super ego; Freud’s child development studies on personality was established in the first five years of a child’s life and consisted mainly of the id. The id is driven by pleasure; this seeks gratification of desires, wants and needs. Furthermore, Freud saw the id, as the part of the mind that dealt with sexual instinct, known as the libido; according to Freud this was the drive behind the behaviour’s shown. If these needs and wants are not met the result can lead to anxiety or tension. The idea of the id can be seen as important for child development as it ensures that the child’s needs are being met. The id is the only personality theory for young children viewed by Freud and is explained as the pleasure principle. However, like Bowlby; Freud considered attachment with child and caregiver within his studies and believes how the id helps in gaining reciprocal attention from the caregiver by crying if the child is hungry or uncomfortable from a spoiled nappy until the needs of the id are met. The theory of the id was seen as important in building attachment for the child’s survival. Moreover, the ego is seen as the part of the personality which is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud the ego develops from the id and makes sure that impulses of the id are expressed in an acceptable way (Cherry, 2011). In addition, the ego works in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind. The ego will excuse the impulses of the id resulting in the desires of the id to be delayed until a more appropriate time. Lastly the super ego in accordance to Freud is the last stage of personality developmental process. The superego is the aspect of personality that deals with our internal moral thoughts and ideals that our care givers have started to instil in us. It distinguishes our sense of right and wrong. It largely rules our judgement and starts to emerge from around the age of five (Wilson, 2011). Conversely, Bowlby and Freud are seen to oppose theories. Bowlby states how the mother and child attachment is a primary bond and not secondary to drive satisfaction. Moreover, Bowlby challenges Freuds drive theory which believes that all human behaviour can be explained as derived from sexuality or aggression (Gullestad 2001). Whereas, Bowlby believed that attachment is more of a self-directed motivational system (Gullestad 2001). Erickson related to certain aspects of Freud’s work especially the ego. He was drawn to how social aspects impacted on certain areas of the lifespan; he found a particular interest and attention to the ego and how it developed through many stages and at each stage had to overcome a certain ‘crisis’ to then develop to the next level. Even though Erikson was influenced by Freud’s work; unlike Freud, Erikson believed that the ego exists from birth and that behaviour is not totally framed by defence. Each stage with a ‘crisis’ were known as the ‘Eight stages of man’. This is seen as similar to the Freudian model; however, Erikson focuses on the whole lifespan and not just childhood. Additionally, Erikson become aware of cultural influences on behaviour and placed more emphasis on the external world (Arlene, 2010). Erikson’s research was based upon the whole lifespan and recognises eight stages of life where the ego starts and continues to develop. New experiences occurring within the lifespan, new information gained and socialisation means the ego is constantly changing. Each stage has a favourable and an unfavourable outcome. However, the outcome for the certain individual would depend on the person’s ability to challenge a ‘crisis’. Furthermore, Erikson believed that we are motivated by achievement and if each stage is deemed as positive then this will motivate the individual in moving to the next stage. However, Erikson believed that if a stage was seen as a negative experience then this will drop positive thinking and leave a sense of dis-belonging. The first stage of the eight is basic trust versus mistrust. This stage is specified to young children were the child is totally dependent on the caregiver. This stage requires the primary care giver to give consistent and stable care in order for the child to develop feelings of security. The second stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt. This is where the child will start to form a sign for independence and master skills for ourselves. During this stage the child learns to walk, talk and feed themselves and the child is learning finer motor skills. Furthermore, within this stage it is important for the child experience control and gain self-esteem, learning right from wrong. However, during this stage there is an exposure of vulnerability, as shame might be felt when certain skills are not met. Stage three is initiative versus guilt. It is during this stage that children develop the erg to copy adults. Whilst Erikson was influenced on Freud’s findings, he swaps Freud’s biological sexuality in favour for psychosocial features between child and caregiver. The most significant relationship at this stage is with the basic family (Arlene, 2010). If the previous stage reaches a favourable outcome then should have gained confidence and an awareness of their surroundings. Language begins to develop and they begin to explore surroundings. Stage four is known as industry versus inferiority. This is a key social stage of development. Children may experience inferiority amongst peers and experience self -esteem issues. As stage 5 reaches near it is observational that parents no longer have utmost authority. This is because during this stage children are experiencing school and other experiences. The fifth stage; identity versus role confusion. At this stage life is getting more complex as the transition into adolescence takes place. Stage six is intimacy versus isolation. This is where signified relationships are built, however, if not successful isolation may occur. Stage seven; generatively versus stagnation. At this stage the maturing adult needs an importance in life to overcome the mid -life crisis. The final stage is the ego versus despair, this stage is a reflection on the previous life cycles and gaining acceptance on the last life cycle (Stevens, 2008). In conclusion, this essay has brought attention to many psychologists and theories. Theories of human growth and development are important for caregivers to highlight the need for secure attachment and for social work professionals and in gaining the skills important for practice. Reference list Cassidy, J. , and Maryland, U. (2 000). Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences. Dept of Psychology, Review of General Psychology. Gullestad, E, 2011, Attachment theory and psychoanalysis: controversial issues, Accessed on line:http://66. 199. 228. 237/boundary/attachment_theory_and_psychoanalysis/attachment_theory. pdf R, Broadie 2012:DCM child development media: Mary Ainsworth and attachment theory: Accessed online:http://www. childdevelopmentmedia. com/mary-ainsworth-and-attachment-theory. html Arlene, F, 2011:support for change: The developmental stages of Erick Erickson: Accessed online:http://www. support4change. com/index. php? ption=com_contentamp;view=articleamp;id=47amp;Itemid=108 Allan N. Schore (2000): Attachment and the regulation of the right brain, Attachment amp; Human Development, 2:1, 23-47 Howe, D. (1999) Attachment theory for child maltreatment and family support : a practice and assessment mode, published: Basingstoke, Macmillan. Wilson, K. (2011) Social work: an introduction to contemporary practice, published: Harlow, England; New York, Lon gman. McLoed, S, 2007, Simply psychology: Bowlby’s attachment theory: Accessed online:http://www. simplypsychology. org/bowlby. html Cherry, K, 2011, The id,

Essay Typer Topics Exposed

Essay Typer Topics Exposed Ruthless Essay Typer Topics Strategies Exploited Writing an essay needs a lot of time and students aren't able to manage to compose an essay because of the the lack of time. On account of the previous angle, a lot of people get into a great deal of difficulties writing essays on funny argumentative essay topics. Some teachers, but do not segregate the topics into the unique educational levels but assign each of the funny persuasive essay topics to all and enable the students to compose the essays since they like. Writing an essay may give a difficult time to the student. Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Using Essay Typer Topics Remember your essay shouldn't be a string of jokes, it's a narrative it needs to have a start, middle and the end. Consider what you know. Top Essay Typer Topics Secrets The audience has to be convinced by means of an argument or application. Even should you not own a topic for persuasive essay then it doesn't matter, our writers can help the entire process, from starting to end, and are going to be able to acquire your work done in time, however urgent the deadline might be. In some instances, it may include things like studying your teacher in order to know your teacher's sense of humor. Second-tier business schools should be quite scared. There are several persuasive essay top ics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. Every American should learn how to speak Spanish. A personalized essay is a part of work that's done for the student by another person and the student pays for his work. The student can pick the most convenient way for him. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the dearth of appropriate comprehension. They are already pressurized due to their studies and so, they find dissertation writing as an extra burden. Besides keeping a (private) profile of the person using it, it is going to be in a position to improve results when given additional details on the way in which the knowledge is intended to be used. Another good idea is to receive some totally free essay examples of different kinds and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. After you settle on this issue and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. A whole lot of students spend lots of time attempting to obtain an essay title but then again, with the rising quantity of academic consultants over the past few years it has become simpler to obtain an essay title real fast utilizing an essay title generator. Every argumentative essay ought to have an opposing view which can help you to prove you're right. Your thesis needs to be relevant so the report can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. How to receive your outline after using an essay title generator The title of an essay can't be dismissed, it's frequently the basis of the entire paper. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Typer Topics? It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to another person. The topics must have two sides and they need to be quite interesting. Whenever you do, you are able to now write on topics which will be humorous to them. Well, first, you're need to find good persuasive speech topics. Sure, with this kind of a massive number of topics to pick from, picking just one may be challenging. The reason you should land an outstanding job owing to your video gaming abilities. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. Possessing great research abilities and selecting a superb topic is important.

Using Change Topics in a Persuasive Essay

Using Change Topics in a Persuasive EssayYou can use persuasion and change topics in a persuasive essay on a change you want to happen. When you plan on changing something, ask yourself if you have the best chance of success by taking that route. The second question to ask is why? The reason you have to change topics to make a good impression is because when you do change topics, you are making a strong and believable argument that there is support for the change you want to see.If you wrote your persuasive essay on the change you want to happen and changed topics because you didn't like what you saw on the first topic, don't use that information in your essay. Instead, offer your side of the story on another topic. This is how change topics works.There are some reasons you may have written your persuasive essay and changed topics. Perhaps you found another organization's website that interested you wanted to visit them. Or perhaps you found a website that was similar to what you lik ed, but they didn't agree with you. Either way, you need to use to change topics when writing an essay for the change you want to happen.If you want to be convincing about the change you want to see, you will use change topics to show support for the changes you want to see. You need to support your position and convince your audience that the change you want to see is the best thing for them to do. Change topics is not just a way to call attention to the things you like about something. Instead, it is a way to support your argument and prove to the audience that your stance is more right than wrong.Another reason to write your persuasive essay on a change you want to happen is because you have changed topics. It may be that you found a website that had nothing to do with what you were looking for or it may be that you needed to go somewhere else for your job. Whatever your reason, by changing topics you are showing support for your argument. It shows that you like the content of th e website and that you think the people who run it are a great group of people. So instead of writing an argument for the change you want to see, you are going to do it by supporting your argument.Another reason why you might want to write your persuasive essay on a change you want to happen is that you have changed topics. Maybe you got an unexpected promotion or you know that you have never been the best at your job. Either way, writing about the changes you want to see is a way to support your arguments. By changing topics, you are showing support for the content you are writing about.In summary, you can use change topics to show support for the changes you want to see. Whether you are writing your persuasive essay on a change you want to happen or you are writing about a change you want to see, you can use this method to support your arguments. Your goal is to show support for the change you want to see.

Pollution Topics Research Paper - Reduce Pollution From Your Life

Pollution Topics Research Paper - Reduce Pollution From Your LifePeople living in the developed nations are aware of the presence of pollution in our atmosphere and the affects it has on human health. As we live in polluted societies, it becomes even more important for people to learn how to reduce pollution from their daily activities.Most of us have heard of these environmental issues but do not know how to deal with them. To avoid becoming polluted and having air and water polluted, you need to learn and understand these topics as well.Pollution comes from a number of sources. When air and water get polluted, it can affect your health by affecting your ability to breathe, while certain chemicals can cause health problems such as cancer. Even using plastic containers, paper bags and the most common items like firewood can become polluted.We all need to pay attention to these topics and use an attitude of recycling whenever possible. Keeping your garbage from clogging up the garbage disposal is also essential. There are also steps that can be taken to lessen the air pollution in your home. One example is to add air purifiers that can be found in some electronics stores.To reduce pollution, there are steps you can take such as recycling, or buying organic items, or using eco-friendly methods to cook, for example by using a ventless oven instead of a regular one. How many of us really know what the air quality level in our home is? It is usually found through the windows, so the air quality can be measured.If you do not want to take measures to reduce pollution, there are things you can do such as recycling paper items, and some people do not even realize that they have garbage in their landfills. By looking for these signs of pollution, you will know it is time to make a change in your lifestyle and see the impact your choices can have on the environment. To reduce pollution from your everyday activities, be sure to educate yourself about the topics in this pol lution topics research paper. You can learn more about pollution by doing your own research.

Essay Sample Table

Essay Sample TableAn appendix is a part of an essay that is a very important part in most essays. The appendix provides an answer to the main points of an essay. In an essay, the Appendix provides background information to the main points of the essay. This is why it is very important for writers to include them in their essays.Most of the students find the Appendix in its essay samples as one of the hardest sections to write. Sometimes when they try to make up their minds to write this section, they are not sure what type of Appendix is needed in their essay. They go through the essay writing tool. The first question is: what exactly is the Appendix? The Appendix is a section that is generally found at the end of an essay.You can find several kinds of Appendices. These include: Physiology, Epidemiology, and Economics. All of these Appendices provides a link between the main body of the essay and the thesis statement. But the main point of an Appendectomy is that it gives the backgro und on the information that the main body of the essay is about.You can divide the body of the paper into sections. This section can be divided into two parts, the first part that contains the Introduction and the main body that contains the thesis statement. Thus, the second part of the paper provides background information that is not only useful to the students but also gives an answer to the main points of the paper.You can always choose the best essay sample table if you want to make a proper comparison between the different tables that are provided by various online essay writing tools. To make a good comparison, you can compare the tables according to the point structure. Then you can look for the main points of your essay, the main points of the paper, and the thesis statement, and then match up the table to these keywords and you will get the best essay sample table.The Appendix is made up of many words that are very important for an essay, and therefore the information sho uld be included in its proper form. In writing an essay, you have to give the reader a comprehensive overview of the whole essay. Therefore, the information of the Appendix should be concise and must be written to the level of your students. Be sure that you are being grammatically correct when you are writing an Appendix because if the reader does not understand what is being said in your Appendix, he or she may decide to delete your work from the paper.Writing an appendix in your essay will allow the reader to fully understand your thoughts about the whole subject. When the reader gets enough information, they will be able to fully comprehend your topic. With an appendix, you will be able to understand your students more easily and you will gain more respect from them.

School Leadership Successful Principles

Introduction Principals are an important part in the development and maintenance of successful schools. However, there is, surprisingly, less research on the methods that can be used in developing people to get the required knowledge of running schools effectively. This condition is in an environment in which principals are increasingly pressured to make improvements in their leadership regarding teaching and learning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on School Leadership Successful Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need for an improvement in the leadership skills of principals is also necessitated by the fact that their responsibility spans a lot of specialties and thus it is hard for a principal who is not well trained to be effective in his/her work. Principals are, therefore, expected to be visionaries in educational matters, experts in public relations in order to relate well with parents, children and other stakeholders. They should also be community builders, expert overseers, budget analysts, expert disciplinarians, facility managers and experts in assessment. Principals should also be in a position to act as agents in solving the conflicting interests of various stakeholders, and they should also be dynamic and sensitive enough to attend to the needs of their students (Davis, 2005, pp. 1-5). This paper is an in-depth exploration of the leadership in schools that seeks to establish the best kind of leadership in schools and suggests what can be done to improve leadership in learning environments. Literature review Status quo The state of schools as far as leadership is concerned has attracted a substantially large number of critics, with some being privy to management of schools. Most of these critics have been forced, by the kind of leadership that is currently in our schools, to believe that programs for education qualification in our university are inefficient, or at best mediocre. This is because such programs fail to address the real world challenges that their ex-students face when they assume leadership position in schools. It is alleged that such programs lack effective leadership training, and that the knowledge base is archaic and impractical. Admissions have also been faulted with their alleged lack of rigor in selection leading to certification of unreasonable numbers of graduates. Clear and holistic analysis of the programs for school leadership and the practice of school leadership are therefore critical if any positive changes are to be made (Davis, 2005, pp. 3-5).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Essential elements of good school leadership There is increasingly growing consensus on what good leadership in schools should be. One of the key elements that good school leadership should have is the implementation of pragmat ic approaches for ensuring that the teachers and other workers in the school are as effective as they can be. This will be achieved by provision of incentives and support that can help workers to improve the effectiveness of their work. Additionally, the school leadership should have models of effective practice that will benchmark the performance of its workers (Elmore, 2000, p. 21). This will ensure that workers embrace a culture of responsibility and accountability because performance will be easily measured by comparing actual performance with the benchmarks. These benchmarks should be developed with consideration of a variety of factors. Some of these factors include past performances of the school, the aims and goals of the school, the performances of leading schools in the vicinity of the school, a consideration of the special challenges that the school might be facing etcetera. The leaders should also ensure that they facilitate the development of common goals and values tha t each stakeholder in the organization must embrace. This will lead to a culture of productiveness of all stakeholders in the school. The goals and objectives will also form a platform on which the aforementioned benchmarks for performance can be developed since the school will be working towards the realization of its goals and objectives. It is also important for the school leadership to ensure that communication is effectively promoted, and clear any obstacles to work effectiveness. Lastly, there is need for development of productive partnerships with interest groups that will help in minimizing the problems that the school could face (Hess, 2003, p. 37). Such interest groups could be Non Governmental Institutions offering scholarships and training, governments interested in exchange programs for students, media houses willing to highlight the situation of leadership in schools in the region, and the like. Good school leadership is also characterized by a strong academic backgrou nd. This ensures that the leadership is at ease when solving the problems arising at the school since the leaders have also experienced the same.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on School Leadership Successful Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will also make the development of policies, goals, values and moral easy since the leadership will have had to live under policies and morals of their former schools. Additionally, there are courses that are very crucial for leadership in schools, and which candidates for leadership in schools should have studied. The above elements of good leadership are most likely to be found in principals who have had a chance to attend holistic training programs in college. It is thus of essence that universities design their training programs for teachers well so that they become effective leaders when they are given the chance to lead schools. The following sub-to pic discusses some of the essential features of a good training program for school leaders. Features of effective training programs for principals Research related to the training of principals indicate that there are certain features that must be present in a training program for principals, if effective school leaders are to come out of the program. One such feature is the aspect of research in training programs for principals. The program should thus impart its participants with skills of leadership, instruction, development of schools and management of change within schools. It is thus apparent that universities operating with mediocre training programs should revise the content of their development and preparation programs for school principals. Such changes should be made such that graduates are able to promote effective and successful teaching and learning. They should also be able to develop networks within the school leadership for collaborative decision making, and also ha ve distributed leadership abilities. Also among the required skills is the fact that the principals should be imparted with skills to encourage a culture of community within the school, and be able to steer development of the competence of school management (Jackson, 2002, p. 69). Apart from the professional training which principals should be given, there is also need for development of ethical standards in them so that they will be ethical school leaders. This will ensure that they promote moral values in other stakeholders of the school, and possibly mitigate problems of misconduct, fraud and other vices.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The principals should also be taught the social and cultural principles surrounding the school environment (Jackson, 2002, p. 70). This understanding will help them to have immediate solutions to problems as they arise during their time as school leaders. Also among the features of a good training program for principals is the observance of curricular coherence. The best training programs for principals have well-thought goals and vision, and they are coherent with internal and external values, administrative practices and beliefs of the profession. Programs that exhibit high coherence have a logical flow, have effective links between theory and practice and they are sequentially ordered with an array of courses. The program should also be in conformance with the theories of adult learning in order for them to qualify as coherent (Levine, 2005, p. 91). Such a program gives the principal a potential for success in the practical world of school management. Practical methods for implem enting effective programs There are a number of methods that must be used in order to implement an effective program for training principals. The first is field-based internships, in which the principals are given a chance to gain practical knowledge of school leadership. Additionally, the students should be given problem-based training such as simulations of real-life problems. This prepares the principals by making them aware of when and how to use the theory they learnt in class in solving problems. There is also the need to promote the use of cohort groups in the teaching of principals since these kinds of groups are known to produce good results for adult students (Wilson, 1996, p. 332). The groups are effective because within the group, principals are able to practice how they will be solving real problems in the field since a lot of school problems are solved through consultations and assemblies. The students are also able to socialize in their cohort groups, making them deve lop social skills which are very relevant in school leadership. Lastly, it is important for principals to have mentors within the administration who may guide them in solving personal problems. In this case, the mentor and the student are supposed to work as a team towards the achievement of a development plan for the student. The development plan can be designed by the administration, or it can be developed by the mentor and the student, or even by the student alone (Levine, 2005, p. 77). Other pathways to school leadership In the discussion above, we have identified university programs for principals as one way of developing leadership skills in principals. The discussion was a bit lengthy because this is the main foundation of principals and thus its effectiveness will mean that the students who graduate from the university have the required skills to lead schools effectively. However, as it has been mentioned, the programs offered in universities are mediocre and there is a need to find alternative pathways for further leadership development after graduation of students. This sub-topic seeks to identify these alternative pathways to leadership development in principals. Some reformers have strongly argued that the only solution to the leadership problems we are facing in schools is the recruitment of people who have natural administrative capabilities even if they have not studied education. However, this argument conflict with the requirements for good school leadership because in order for one to be a good school leader, he/she has to have a strong academic background (Davis, 2005, p. 8). This is necessary because, in order to lead an organization, one has to be passionate about, and know, the intricacies of the trade of that organization. In some states, principal credentialing is common. This is a case in which candidates sit for an examination designed by the state, and the candidates who pass the exam are licensed as principals for schools. Thus a pe rson who has not necessarily studied education may end up being a school principal (Davis, 2005, p. 11). This method may pick potential candidates and weak ones depending on the kind of examination that is set by the state. Summary As evidenced in the discussion above, school leadership has not been taken as seriously as it should be. This has had many negative effects on our schools which have been unlucky to get mediocre principals. There is thus the need to review programs for training principals in the universities in order to ensure that effective school leaders are produced from these institutions. All programs for training principals in the universities should thus be reviewed to ensure that they abide by the requirements highlighted in the discussion above. In a nutshell, the requirements are aimed at linking theory with practice during training, developing values and morals in the principals, utilizing the resources offered by a variety of stakeholders and making students e ffective decision makers. As discussed in the above paragraphs, universities should also ensure that they use effective methods of implementing the features leadership development in principals. Such methods should promote practicability of knowledge, consultation, group work and problem-oriented development of knowledge. They should also ensure that the program is implemented in accordance with the findings of existing research about effective adult education. The suggested methods include use of cohort groups and mentors, implementation of problem-based learning and ensuring that students are able to attend internships based in the field so that they get practical knowledge through experience. Care must also be taken to ensure that the use of the aforementioned alternative pathways to school leadership do not contribute to the jeopardy of school leadership. It is thus of essence that graduates are effectively trained instead of picking people who do not have an academic background . All in all, there is hope for our schools if the suggested ideas are implemented in both the universities producing principles and in the schools. Reference List Davis, S. (2005). School Leadership Study: Developing Successful Principals. PDF File. Web. Elmore, R. (2000). Building a New Structure for School Leadership. Washington DC: The Albert Shanker Institute. Hess, F. (2003). A license to lead? A new leadership agenda for American schools  (Policy report). Washington, DC: Progressive Policy Institute. Jackson, B. (2002). Exceptional and innovative programs in educational leadership. New Jersey. Bell Bain. Levine, A. (2005). Educating School Leaders. New York: The Education School Project. Wilson, P. (1996). Preparing school leaders: What works? Journal of School  Leadership. Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 316-342. This research paper on School Leadership Successful Principles was written and submitted by user L1v1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quality Education in the Philippines Essay Example

Quality Education in the Philippines Essay Example Quality Education in the Philippines Essay Quality Education in the Philippines Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Overview What is good quality education? What is the use of this to our daily lives? What will the effects be on our future? These are but just a few questions that run through our mind when we think of what education is. Education, for many, is the forefront in building our future; it gives us the power of knowledge that helps us cope up with the different steps in our lives. Some think of it as a mere process to gain access to monetary security and better life, but this is not mere education should be. It is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality and lays a foundation for sustained economic growth. † (2008) In my own words, education is merely a step to make us grow in all aspects of life, but useless without the proper guidance provided by the teachers and administrators and the given teaching aids used today. Good Quality education is a given name to those that have the complete or necessary requirements in having a good atmosphere for learning and proper growth. Schools should have the goal to achieve this good quality education and garner more merits and more students. They should teach them by teaching them sing the new and effective methods rather than what we see in the old days. Education is not necessarily good at first, it takes years of service and practice to achieve this kind of excellence just as UST surpassed other institutions in this field. The effects of this kind of education can be seen through their fine work on students and the respect and love that they give on each one. It is through this kind of education that spawns great men of the past. This will lead us to more lucrative jobs and better lives. This will determine our fate in this cruel world. â€Å"Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decision† Khan (2008). Teachers are the drivers of this future that we want. We can see their fruits of labor on the people that they have produced. One such example is Jose Rizal; he did not like the quality of education in the Philippines that is why he went abroad. He garnered intellectual fame through his wit and possession of good quality education. So now I ask you, is education really only for those who want the finer things in life or is it also about the knowledge that we receive? This will now depend on the basis of our foundation as human people. I believe that to attain good quality education: we must push through the very thought of money and consider the power of knowledge, for if there is n power, then there will certainly be no knowledge. †The modern world in which we live is often termed a knowledge society; education and information have become production factors potentially more valuable than labor and capital† (2008). B. Research Aims This paper aims to: 1. discuss the reasons why we are lacking in teachers 2. discuss the similarity and difference of public from private schools 3. discuss the difference of a normal college program from a ladderized program 4. discuss ways on how to promote values, peace, and order inside the classroom 5. discuss how to make the class active through proper motivation C. Research Questions The proponent intends to provide answers to the following questions: 1. Why are we lacking in teachers? 2. What are the similarities of public and private schools? 3. What are the differences of public and private schools? 4. How to promote effectively values, peace, and order inside a classroom? 5. How is motivation a key to having an active class? 6. What is a Ladderized program? 7. What is its difference with the normal college educational program? CHAPTER 2 METHODS A. Principle/s of Organization Cause and effect Is a form of analysis that examines the causes and consequences of events and ideas. An organizational structure of text in which there is a description of events and their causes or consequences. Explanation: The author used the principle of cause and effect to give out reasons on why promoting values and motivating students will increase their perception in studying. The author also wants to express the possible effects if the teachers and parents will help in enhancing the skill of the child in his/ her aspect. Comparison and Contrast An organizational structure of text in which a description of similarities and differences among two or more things occurs. Explanation: The author used the principle of comparison and contrast to differentiate the two Philippine college educational programs which are the normal and the ladderized program. By giving their differences and similarities the author achieved part of his paper which is to differentiate the two educational systems. B. Conceptual Framework Explanation: The author shows in this simple diagram what he points out on this paper. These topics will be discussed in this paper. The origination and development of the Philippine education system since many do not know where it began. The differences between the two modern programs, the normal and the ladderized because some students are confused on the two programs since the ladderized program was just adapted by the Philippines on the year 2006. Motivating students can lead to many effects according to (Calderon, 1998) there are several definitions of motivation but they all amount to the arousal of interests that directs the learning towards a goal. † The transformation of students takes place in school since it is where a student mainly spends his time. This paper will discuss these topics to answer the questions given and to achieve the aim to discuss the quality education in the Philippines. CHAPTER 3 RELATED READINGS Start of Education in the Philippines When did it start? When was it developed? These are but a few of the question that run into one’s mind. It all started in ancient Philippines. The start of education was the use of Alibata, or otherwise known as the Tagalog script. The Pre-Spanish Philippine era already started with Education in writing in which resulted to the development of the Alibata. This writing system was used by the ancient Filipinos in order to communicate with each other. When the Spaniards first set foot on the Philippine Island they saw that the use of the Tagalog script was their main form of communication and that the use of bamboo as papers and knives or styli as a pen or pencil. When the Spaniards conquered Philippines the writing system of Alibata was replaced by formal education system in Universities run by Spanish priests. Though until now in some parts of our country that the writing system of Alibata is still being used. Modern Philippine Education Today our education has two programs offered a normal school program which is a straight education from elementary to college and another one is the ladderized program in which in college you will two years in technical and vocational schools and another one to three years(depending on your choice of course) as your college program. Ladderized program helps to ease the students in getting a college diploma that according to (Syjuco)† You start with tech-voc modules and thereafter will require much less college courses to earn a college diploma. In a normal educational program you will start from elementary to high school covering about twelve years and then taking up a course of your choice which will take about four-five years straight. The difference between them is that in a ladderized program you will need to have a two year technical vocational educational course before you can go to college to finish your chosen course while in a normal educati onal program you will just have to finish a four or five year course straight. Importance of Teachers Today many of our schools are lacking of highly capable teachers, since most prefer to go abroad and continue their profession in other countries as a result we lack in instructors that can guide students to the right path. Many of today’s students choose education as a last choice of course for some say that it only has a low pay, but we only look at education in the technical or in the monetary side why not look at a different side? Our teachers are the ones responsible to help the parents of their students guide them to be a well educated and highly respectable citizen. However, if a student becomes successful but does not have any values at all then his success means nothing if he or she cannot promote values. Our teachers play this important role in a child’s life so if a school lacks its teachers then a student cannot be properly taught then he or she cannot gain any success. These are but a few effects that are happening due to our lack of teachers. So we can see that teachers have the most important job of all which is to prepare them for the challenges of life. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"Whenever they hear one of their students achieve something, they always feel that they are part of it. † Schools as Centers for Transformation Our education is slowly decreasing in its quality why? It is because of one simple reason, corruption. Our government has already planned a large amount for education but since some officials are corrupt that a big part of the money needed is inside their pockets. Now our schools are responsible to help the country to prevent these situations. Students are taught with values that will help them in future life. According to (Clemente, 1996), â€Å"Schools can be the vehicle for the peaceful revolution to bring about a better Philippines. † Our schools should be promoting peace and order to their campuses and help in stopping the hindrances for the students to learn and be active. Hindrances like unrecognized organizations, vices, and the likes are disadvantageous to a child’s learning for it may help in promoting the wrong values. A result of these may occur in the future wherein the child becomes a worker or an adult and due to his wrong values that he may not at all succeed in life. Every teacher always say that no matter how much you have forgotten the lessons taught it is fine but forgetting the values learned is not acceptable. Values learned at school are what make a person who he or she is. Everyday our teachers are preparing lesson plans so when they discuss they can also relate it to real life situations and explain the values that can be learned through it. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"Knowledge or intelligence is second than spirituality, one cannot be very intelligent and yet have lost track of his/ her spirit. Promoting discipline into a child can help change its behavior in class, at school and even anywhere else. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"A disciplined student can face the challenges of life and succeed. † Student Motivation A student whenever achieves anything a teacher will always be a part of it. Teachers should never discourage their students in having an interest in extraordinary things, for this may be an opportunity for the child to excel in this aspect. A parent should also not discourage their child in having a crush or entering a relationship since this is where their child gets their inspiration. A teacher also needs an inspiration for teaching is not a very easy job. A teacher can help the parent of their student to develop the child into a responsible adult through proper motivation. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"The students need to inspire their teachers because teachers also need to know whether or not they are able to give them quality education through their teaching. † Motivating a student can help him/ her to develop in a certain aspect and also motivating the teacher can help to give more meaningful discussions. A possible example of this would be if the student achieves success in sports a teacher should credit their student’s success since it can help the student to excel more on sports and possibly become a professional athlete in the future. So if both the teachers and the parents would cooperate the child can develop its potential and may become successful in life. Public and Private Schools Public Schools differ in size of school, teaching, uniform, facilities and others. During the old times they say that public schools are better than private schools that according to Cruz (2007) â€Å"All the bright students went o public schools. Why a private school when the public school was free and had a better reputation? Those in private schools went there by force of circumstance. † Today, private schools are better than public schools since they are more advanced in curriculum than in public schools. Both public and private schools are doing their own way to give their student s the quality education they deserve. This is through the PAASCU accreditation. If a school passes the accreditation they will be given levels of which level 1 being the first and level four being the highest. According to PAASCU (2008) â€Å"PAASCU judges an institution not by comparison with other institutions but primarily by the degree to which each institution’s own avowed purposes are matched by actual practice in the various areas being evaluated. † Public and private schools only differ in their physical appearances but in same in their goals and objectives both for the school and the student. CHAPTER 4 PROPOSITIONS These are the statements that the author has learned throughout his research work. These came from the author and not elsewhere. These are the facts based from his interview, materials, readings and sources: Proposition 1: Discipline is key to success. Discipline is key to a man’s success because no man can face challenges if he is not disciplined. If he will be disciplined then he can make his own way into his success. He can choose what will be best for him. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"Disciplined students can face the challenges of life. † Proposition 2: We always need to connect God and knowledge. According to Manapat (2008), â€Å"We can never be knowledgeable and yet we lost track of our spiritual life†. God created everything and we owe Him our knowledge. God is the one who guides us in our life and helps us in gaining new knowledge. Proposition 3: Teachers are always part of our success. We must always remember that if not for the teachings of our dear mentors then we would not have achieved success in life. Teachers have become a part of our lives since they patiently taught us the values that we learn. We make a special connection with them not only as our teachers but also as our friend in life. Proposition 4: Teachers also need the inspiration of their students. If teachers see their students having high marks then they are motivated to work. Teachers improve their style of teaching based on their students’ capabilities. They can give their students their best performance if they know that they are motivated to gain new knowledge. Proposition 5: A teacher won’t give up their job no matter how hard it may be. A teacher will never give up their love for teaching. Our teachers will patiently guide us even if we are a slow learner until we got our momentum at studying. They are with us from the beginning up to the end. Proposition 6: There are no challenges that are hard if we are guided by God and we are disciplined. Challenges are part of life but if we are disciplined, we can always face them. Discipline helps us to be prepared in facing life’s challenges. If God guides us then we can make the right decisions that can help us develop our life. Proposition 7: Years of experience can help a teacher in giving a quality education. Every year as we progress in life, our knowledge also increases. Teachers who have years of experience can help their students in developing techniques in solving problems. They can use their experiences in their approach to the students in tackling the lesson. Proposition 8: Motivated students can perform differently than others. Students who are motivated can perform better in class. A student can achieve more in life through motivation. Through this that they can excel and be disciplined in their studies therefore helping them prepare for their future life. Proposition 9: Philippines lack highly capable teachers. Our country is having a hard time in adapting and coping up with the educational system of the other countries why? It is simply because we lack the teachers who are capable of giving quality education. Many students who are scholars after finishing college, they will go to other countries and practice their profession there and not serve the Philippines. According to Salamat (2006), â€Å"With their low wages unable to keep up with the rising cost of living, more and more teachers leave the country to get a higher pay teaching in the U. S. † Proposition 10: Teachers and parents cooperate to help the child develop its potential. They both help us in developing our otentials through their support. It is their duty to help us grow but it is also our duty to help them help us to reach our potentials. Reaching our full potentials can help us in having our future secured. Teachers alongside with parents help each other in knowing the child’s performance. â€Å"A good parent-teacher relationship can be the difference between knowing how your childs doing in school and knowing how he tells you hes doing. †(2009) Proposition 11: A peaceful and orderly environment can help a child develop his values. A school’s environment is a very important factor in developing values. These values can help them in life, since by knowing and promoting it that one can earn respect. An environment with peace and order will be able to stop the hindrances for the students to receive their educational right. Proposition 12: Ladderized program can help a student get to college easier. A ladderized program is just having a two year technical vocational course then a two-four year course, again depending on your chosen course, as a continuation for your college. This program has just been adapted by our country last 2006. This program also helps a student to take up college at a low tuition fee. Proposition 13: Parents guiding their children can help them get better performance. A student can perform better if they will be guided by their parents more. It is like a parent looking up for their children while they are growing. A parent should not be too confident that their child is getting enough guidance from their schools. A parent should also guide their child to help them decide on important matters and to help deepen their relationship. According to Sanders (2008) â€Å"Increase the 1-to-1 support your child receives with personal career and education guidance to help your child sort through his/her best-fit choices. † CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Summary of Main Points The author learned through his research that major factors contribute in determining the quality of education that the Philippines give. One is the low salary of teachers that they tend to migrate to other countries to get better payment. Teachers should be given higher wages since they have the most important job of all which is to guide and help the students in their life. Another is the school environment if the environment of the school is inappropriate then it will greatly affect the performance of the student. Students will never grow in their studies or will never be molded into their true potential. This is due to their school’s environment; if it is not suitable in learning then the students will not be able to learn what they will need to use in their lives. Students are having difficulties choosing the right school since they will have to choose the standards, the environment, and other criteria. The country’s educational system is giving students two choices in college; one is to continue in their normal college program or to be in a ladderized program. Being in a ladderized program makes a student enter into a two year technical vocational course then one to three years, which will depend on your course, will be your final college degree. The students need to be guided to know their preferences because knowing their preference can help them grow in their chosen career. The students need to be motivated not only by their teachers but also their parents since they can be able to perform better. Students are not the only one who needs to be inspired and motivated, teachers also need to be inspired and motivated so that they can also perform their best in their class. Students will be receiving more quality lessons if teachers are at their best. Private schools are not the only ones who should give their students quality education. Even in a public school, teachers should be giving their students high standards in teaching. Students can always perform better if they are motivated, guided, and given their lessons accurately. B. Recommendation After series of research the proponent recommends, . Higher salary of teachers. Teachers should also be given importance for they have the hardest job of all. They leave our country because they believe that they can get more money so the students in other countries can receive the quality education that should have been given to students in our country. Teachers are working not only because it is their job but it is their life. 2. Motiva te students to perform better. Students’ performances are judged by their grades, activities, and other co-curricular activities. They perform their best when they are inspired and reaching a goal. They need to be guided by their teachers and parents so they will know how to transfer their motivation positively and in a way that it can help them to perform better in class. 3. Have a clear connection with the teacher of your child. Parents having a clear connection or relating with their child’s teachers and guidance counselors can help them know on how their child’s saying they are performing than what their teachers are saying. Co-relating with your child’s teachers and guidance counselors can help inform you of what your child’s behavior is while at school. . Giving discipline to students can help them in life. Discipline is one major key to success. It is through this that they can concentrate more and focus more on their goals and therefore achieving it. A disciplined student is different from a student who does nothing. A disciplined student performs better in class and other activities because he can focus but a student who does nothing can rea ch nothing. 5. Schools should fix their facilities and environment. A student can focus more on his studies if his environment is suitable for learning. The school’s environment and facilities plays a major role in the quality of education that they can give. Since it can help the students to do better in class and to use the different facilities to gather knowledge and learn. BIBLIOGRAPHY gov. ph/news/default. asp? i=15637 (January 27, 2009) www. alibata. ph (January 27, 2009) http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/0,,menuPK:282391~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:282386,00. html (February 15, 2009) Clemente, A. (1996). Philippines Into the 21st Century: Quezon City: Valeria Publishing House www. alrisala. rg/Articles/mailing_list/importance_of_education. html (February 10, 2009) Cruz, Neal. â€Å"Public schools used to be better than private schools† Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 4, 2007 Meinardus, Ronald. â€Å"The Crisis of Philippine Education in the Philippines† Business World Internet Edition. June 30, 2003 Calderon, Jose. Foundations of Education: Manila, Philippines: Rex Printing Company Student Transformation Development Origination Student Motivation Inspiration Moral Support Values Peace and order Ladderized Normal Educational Programs Philippine Education Skill Enhancement